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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the threshold of Breteau Index (BI) on Dengue fever outbreak in Guangzhou.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Dengue cases from Guangzhou during 2006 to 2012 in the National Infectious Disease Report and Management System were collected and described. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to judge the threshold of BI on the outbreaks of Dengue fever.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1 038 local cases were reported from 2006 to 2012 in Guangzhou city, with a total of 71 outbreaks and 259 sporadic episodes. Data from the ROC curve analysis showed that the highest Youden index that BI predicting Dengue fever outbreaks or sporadic were 6.4 and 9.5, respectively. When using BI = 6.4 in predicting the sporadic case of Dengue, sensitivity and specificity were 67.8% , 79.1% , respectively. When using BI = 9.5 in predicting the outbreaks of Dengue, sensitivity and specificity were 81.7%, 90.9%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both BI = 5.0 and BI = 9.5 showed effects on predicting the nature of sporadic or outbreak on Dengue, suggesting that the threshold need to be monitored, according to the purpose of control and availability of manpower, in order to get better sensitivity and specificity.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , China , Epidemiology , Dengue , Epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the results of nine-round environmental specimen surveillance programs in five live poultry markets pre-, during and post the 'closing days' and to evaluate the effects of 'closing days' on live poultry markets regarding the control against avian influenza pollution.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In January 2014, control measures including culling poultry, completely cleaning and disinfecting and a 'three-day-closing' measure were conducted in five live poultry markets which were found positive for H7N9 nucleic acid in the 1(st) round environmental specimen surveillance program. Second surveillance program was conducted after a thorough disinfection campaign was launched. Several times surveillance were conducted in one week, after the markets were reopened. RT-PCR was used to test the nucleic acid of HA, H5, H7 and H9 viruses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>654 specimens from the environment were collected and tested. During the first round surveillance program, positive rates for influenza A and H5/H7/H9 nucleic acid of poultry stalls appeared to be 94.44% and 61.11% respectively. The positive rates of poultry stalls reduced to 0 after the disinfection campaign but increased again after the markets reopened. The positive rate for influenza A of poultry stalls slightly increased from 50.00% in the third surveillance to 72.22% in the ninth surveillance (P > 0.05). The positive rate for H5/H7/H9 of poultry stalls showed a significantly increasing trend, from 0 in the third surveillance to 44.44% in the ninth surveillance (P < 0.01). The positive rates for influenza A and H5/H7/H9 nucleic acid of specimens were 28.89% and 17.78% respectively. The positive rate of specimens reduced to 0 after disinfection while increased again after reopening of the markets. The positive rate for influenza A of specimens slightly increased from 19.67% in the third surveillance to 27.54% in the ninth surveillance programs (P > 0.05). The positive rate for H5/H7/H9 of specimen showed a significant increasing trend, from 0 in the third surveillance to 8.70% in the ninth-round surveillance programs (P < 0.01). The positive rate for influenza A was the highest for slaughter- related specimens of 22.4% (35/156). The positive rates for influenza A from sewage and drinking water being collected on the later stage after the markets reopened (25.9%, 12.4%)were higher than those on the early stage (8.3%, 8.6%) (P > 0.05). The positive rate for influenza A of poultry stalls with overnight poultry storage (91.7%) was significant higher than that of poultry stalls without the overnight storage (33.3%). The positive rate for influenza A of poultry stalls in which simultaneously selling different kinds of poultry (85.7%) was significant higher than that of poultry stalls in which selling only one kind of poultry at one time (25.0%) (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Slaughter in live poultry markets posed a large risk of pollution diffusion. Sewage and drinking water showed an accumulation effect for avian influenza virus. Overnight poultry storage and selling different kinds of poultry at one time at the poultry stalls seemed the risk factors for avian influenza virus transmission. Complete cleaning, disinfecting and several 'closing days' for live poultry markets seemed effective in eliminating avian influenza virus. Once the markets were reopened, they seemed to be soon polluted again.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , China , Commerce , Disinfection , Environmental Microbiology , Environmental Monitoring , Influenza A virus , Influenza in Birds , Poultry , VirologyABSTRACT
Aim To explore the effect and mechanism of resveratrol (Res) on proliferation and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured and treated with resveratrol in different dosages.Cell proliferation was analyzed by WST-1 method. Oil red O staining method and spectrophotography were applied to analyze the degree of differentiation. Real-time PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expression of adiponectin and leptin. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1),peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCTTA enhancer binding proteinα (C/EBPα).Results Res inhibited proliferation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a time-dose dependent manner.The expression levels of adiponectin and leptin mRNA were decreased, and Res also inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to differentiate into mature adipocytes. Res increased the expression levels of Sirt1 and decreased the expression levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα.Conclusions Resveratrol can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.The underlying mechanisms may include enhancing expression of Sirt1 and inhibiting expression of PPARγ,C/EBPα which are related to cell differentiation.
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Objective:To assess the proportion of genotypes of osteocalcin gene polymorphism, and to investigate if the polymorphism of osteocalcin gene is associated with BMD in Chinese premenarche girls. Methods: 152 healthy premenarche girls of Han ethic (9-11.5y) were recruited. BMD and BMC at the lumber spine (L1-L4), proximal femur, and total body were measured by DXA; PCR-RFLP was used to amplify the polymorphisms of the osteocalcin gene. Results:The proportion of genotype of OC gene polymorphism were 5.26% HH,, 36.84% Hh, and 58.90% hh, respectively. Significant differences were observed in BMD and BMC at the total body, and BMD at the L1-L4 lumber spine and femur neck among subjects with different genotypes (P
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Objective:To investigate the characteristics of calcium metabolism and identify the calcium intake that produces plateau retention in premenarche Chinese girls. Method:Forty-nine healthy premenarche Chinese girls (9-11.5 y) were recruited, and divided into four groups respectively receiving one of four different doses of calcium intakes for 6 d, 600 mg (usual diet),900 mg (containing 250 ml milk),1 200 mg (containing 250 ml milk and 750 mg CaCO3) and 1 500 mg calcium (250 ml milk and 1500 mg CaCO3) per day. Calium in 3-day urine and stool,and 3-d duplicated food samples were collected to assess the calcium equilibrium during the treatment period. Results: There were no significant differences in apparent calcium absorption among the four groups (55%, 53%, 52% and 52%). The relationship between calcium intake and calcium retention was fitted into a non-liner regression model which showed that the calcium retention was approaching the plateau when calcium intake reached 1100mg/d. Conclusion: The apparent calcium absorption was 53%?0.12% in Chinese premenarche girls with dietary calcium intakes ranged between 600 to 1500 mg/d. Calcium retention approached its plateau when calcium intake reached 1 100 mg/d in Chinese premenarche girls.
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Objective: To investigate the association of calcium intake with bone mass in premenarche girls. Method: Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the whole body, lumbar spine (L1-L4) and left hip of 194 premenarche girls (10?1 years old) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Dietary calcium intakes were assessed by food frequency questionnaire and 3d weighed diet records. Results: Statistically significant positive correlations between daily calcium intake and bone bone mineral density (BMD) were or bone mineral content (BMC) at all studied bone sites were found (P